Automatic system for measuring selected dimensions

ABSTRACT

A plurality of discrete marker sensors and a multiplicity of linear arrays are used to measure selected dimensions of passing objects. One linear array is used in conjunction with selected marker sensors to measure the lengths of objects and the remaining marker sensors and linear arrays are used to measure selected dimensions of objects perpendicular to their lengths. The system is particularly useful in measuring the lengths and selected diameters of logs.

United States Patent [191 Chasson [11'] 3,787,700 [451 Jan. 22, 1974 AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR MEASURING SELECTED DIMENSIONS [75] Inventor: Leon H. Chasson, Santa Clara, Calif.

[73] Assignee: Atmospheric Sciences, Incorporated,

Los Altos, Calif.

22 Filed: July 27, 1971 21 Appl.No.: 166,418

52 US. clj. 250/5 0, 250/223, 356/160, 250/219 LG 51 Int. Cl. G07b 11/10 [58] Field of Search...250l219 LG, 219 WG, 222, 250/223;356/156,157,159-160,167

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,513,444 5/1970 Henderson et al 356/157 X 3,159,749 12/1964 Dalrymple et a1. 250/223 R 3,428,817 2/1969 I-Iofmeister et al. 250/222 X 3,513,321

5/1970 Sherman 250/219 TH 3,536,405 10/1970 Flower 250/219 X TH 3,066,226 11/1962 Lindstrom 250/222 R OTHER PUBLICATIONS Weckler et al.: Design Possibilities For Photodiode Arrays With Integral Silicon'Gate Scan Generators, ISSCC, Feb. 18, 1971; pp. 130, 131; 202

Primary Examiner-Walter Stolwein Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Alan MacPherson 57 ABSTRACT A plurality of discrete marker sensors and a multiplicity of linear arrays are used-to measure selected dimensions of passing objects. One linear array is used in conjunction with selected marker sensors to measure the lengths of objects and the remaining marker sensors and linear arrays are used to measure selected dimensions of objects perpendicular to their lengths. The system is particularly useful in measuring the lengths and selected diameters of logs.

21 Claims, 10 Drawing Figures v 2. nows PAIENIED JAN 2 21974 SHEET 1 0F 5 J INVENTOR LEON H CHASSON ATTORNEY PAIENTED JAN 2 2 i174 SHEET 2 0F 5 Will! IIIIIIJ $52? fi 25 If I I l I I i l I I l II I HW HH I 1H||||L $225+ I l I I 1 1 L 2% k u 2,525 n mamas n 3 s 5 U b2 u :2: w is so: 52% r 2 H 4 E E u l 5:23 5:2 [I I 1 1| l|||| l 1||| 1 I I I I 1 1 I I I I I J- 1 5:2 u :5 2255 :2 5 =2? 2%: ii iiilrlliL I lfilwm L 3 i mm mm a 3 INVENTOR. LEON H. CHASSON WWW ATTORNEY AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR MEASURING SELECTED DIMENSIONS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION ers must measure the volume of freight as well as its weight in order to properly calculate shipping charges.

Various techniques have been proposed to carry out such measurements automatically. In one system, mirrors rotate at a uniform rate and reflect light from the object whose length is being measured to a sensor. The

number of light pulses generated by the sensor in response to light from a mirror being directed'to the sensor together with the rotational rate determines the length of the object. Another length measuring system integrates over time a known rate of travel of an object to determine the length of the object.'Both of these systems have disadvantages. Rotating parts in the first system require frequent maintenance and adjustment while the second system requires accurate knowledge of the velocity of the object whose length is being measured. Both of these systemsare capable of measuring only one dimension, the length, of an object and not the other dimensions required to give the volume of the ob-' ject. I

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention overcomes disadvantages of the prior art systems and provides a system which not only measures selected dimensions of a wide variety of objects, but which uses these measured dimensions to calculate areas and volumes and other parameters of the objects. The system of this invention uses no moving parts and is completely electronic. The output signals generated by the sensors used with this system are compatible with digital processing techniques without expensive analog-to-digital conversion and lend themselves particlarly to use with a central processing unit capable of handling, on a multiplex basis, signals from a plurality of sensing systems. I

According to this. invention, a plurality of linear arrays of photosensitive elements are used to provide vernier measurements of the dimensions of an object and a selected number of discrete marker sensors are used to provide gross measurements of selected ones of these dimensions. A given dimension of an object is measured either by counting the number of discrete marker sensors activatedby the object and adding to the length represented by these discrete marker sensors the object length detected by a linear array of photosensitive elements or by alinear array of photosensitive elements alone.

nificantly darker or significantly lighter than the background.

In the operation of the invented system, each linear array of photosensitive elements (hereafter called an array or a linear array") is placed a selected and approximately known distance from the object whose length is being measured. Each array is scanned rapidly one or more times in response to signals from one or more discrete marker sensors. The scanning speed of each array is such that the objectmoving past the array, is, relative to the scanning speed, essentially stationary 7 over the scanning time. Thus errors introduced into the The light representing the object whose length is being measured impinges upon the photosensitive elements in the linear arrays. This light is selected to contrast sharply with thebackground illumination. The object whose length is being measured may be either sigmeasurements by the movement of the objectare negligible. The number of pulses produced by a linear array is directly proportional to the length of that portion of the object focused on the linear array.

The pulses from a linear array are sent through a buffer to a counter. The counter comprises, in one embodiment, a simple sequence of binary flip-flops. The output signal from the counter at the conclusion of the scan represents the number of pulses produced by the linear array and thus can be used in calculating a dimension of the object. These pulses, converted to a code word, are then gated to a computer for process- The processing computer is a specifically programmed general purpose digital computer, a special hard-wired computer, or an analog computer with appropriate input circuitry.

A variety of measurements can be obtained from the processing unit. Such measurements include lengths, volumes, cumulative volumes of all similar objects which have passed by the discrete'sensors and the arrays, useful volumes of material, and any other parameter calculatable from the linear dimensions'measured. One particular application of I the invented system is in the measurement of lengths and volumes of logs.

One advantage of the disclosed system is that by using two linear arrays to measure two diameters at the same cross section of acircular object, the average diameter measurement is independent of the location of the circular object relative to the linear arrays. Moreover, the displacement of the center of the object from a nominal position relative to the two linear arrays can be calculated from the images of the object on the two DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A shows a top view of one embodiment of this invention suitable for use in measuring the dimensions and volumes of logs and particularly shows the arrangement of the marker sensors and the diameter and length measuring linear arrays relative to .a log the dimensions of which are being measured; I

FIG. 1B shows an end view of the marker sensors and the diameter and length measuring linear arrays shown in FIG. 1A relative to a log;

FIG. 1C illustrates the shift in the location of the center of a log from its nominal positiondue to movement of the log across the conveyor and also due to changes in the size of thelog;

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the system of this invention for processing data 'from one of the linear arrays 21, 22 or 23 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 3A shows circuitry suitable for use in shaping the pulses from the two diodes in each discrete marker sensor lb throughKb in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 3B shows one possible driver-circuit for use in blocks 43 and 45 shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 3C shows a synchronizing circuit suitable for synchronizing a pulse from a marker sensor with the output pulses from clock 44 (FIG. 2);

FIG. 3D shows the start pulse generating circuit 46 shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 3B shows the AND gate for receipt of the pulses from marker sensors 3b through Kb in FIG. 1A; and

FIG. 3F shows a register comprising a plurality of flip-flops for storing a binary code word representing the number of output pulses from a linear array such as arrays 21, 22 and 23 shown in FIG. 1A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In explaining the operation of the measuring system of this invention, the way in which object lengths are measured using discrete marker sensors and a linear array will first be described. The processing of the signals produced by a typical linear array in the system will then be described. The above descriptions will be based on an embodiment of this invention used to measure the length, diameter and volume of logs. These descrptions are not to be interpreted as limiting the invention to the use described.

In FIG. 1A the direction of motion of objects 11 and 12, logs in one embodiment, is shown by arrow 13. Object 11 precedes object 12 by a selected distance and likewise moves in the direction of arrow 13. The length l of object 11 is determined by the combination of signals from discrete marker sensors lb through Kb, (where K is an integer representing the number of marker sensors) and from linear array 23. Linear array 23 comprises a linear sequence of photosensitivedevices such as contained in the Fairchild Model FPA 600 bilinear self-scanned sensor array, for example. Each photosensitive device in the array, typically a diode or a phototransistor, stores a charge representative of the total lightfrom a segment of space occupied by object 11 at a given time. The segment of space represented by the light impinging on one photosensitive element in array 23 corresponds to a linear distance along the longitudinal axis of object 11. The number of photosensitive devices in array 23 activated by light representing'object 11 is thus proportional to the length of that part of object 11 within the field of view of array 23. Knowledge of the distance of linear array 23 from object 11 allows that portion of the total length of object 11 detected by array 23 to be calculated. This calculation is based on well-known principles of optics and trigonometry.

When object 11 is a log or pipe, for example, the measurement of representative diameters, and the length, of object 11 begins when the left end 11a of object 11 moves from the right of FIG. 1A past marker sensor 2b. Object 11 interrupts light transmitted from light source 2a which impinges on marker sensor 2b. The blocking of this light triggers the scanning of linear arrays 21 and 22 which measure two diameters of object 11. Preferably arrays 21 and 22 are arranged as shown in FIGS. 1A and 18 to measure mutually perpendicular diameters although the system of this invention can also be used to measure non-perpendicular di ameters. The center axes 21a and 22a of linear arrays 21 and 22, respectively, are aimed at a cross-section of object 11 a selected distance to the right of front end 11a of object 1 1. Each diameter-measuring linear array 21 and 22 is thus aligned to measure a dimension of object 11 perpendicular to its direction of travel. The way in which linear arrays 21 and 22 measure diameters will be described later.

As object 11 continues to move in the direction of arrow 13, it blocks the light travelling from light source 3a to marker sensor 3b. The distance d between marker sensors 2b and 3b is known. Thus at the time object 11 blocks the light travelling from light source 3a to marker sensor 3b while still blocking the light travelling from light source 2a to marker sensor 2b, the system knows that object 11 is at least as long as distance d It should be noted that the term light is used in this specification to denote not only visible radiation but also any radiation in other wavelengths, such as the infrared, capable of activating detectors suitable for use in marker sensors lb through Kb.

Object 11 proceeds in ,the direction of arrow 13 blocking in sequence the lightfrom light source. 4a travelling to marker sensor 4b and the light from the remaining light sources travelling to their corresponding marker sensors. It should be understood that any number of marker sensors desired can be used with this invention depending on the lengths to be measured.

Each time the light from a source is blocked from travelling to its corresponding marker sensor by object 11, linear array 23 is scanned to determine if the end of the object appears in the field detected by this array. If it does not, the output pulses detected by linear array 23 are all substantially uniform due to the object occupying all the field of view of array 23. The'appearance of the end 11b of object 11 is detected by noting a change in the level of the output pulses produced by this linear array at some point other than at the beginning or end of these pulse sequences'. i

The length measured by linear array 23 is greater than the maximum distance between adjacent marker sensors. This insures that linear array 23 will detect the end 1 lb of object 1 1 when this end is even with marker sensor lb at the same time that end 11a of object 11 is it detects the end 11b of object 11 when this end' is located to the right of marker lb by no more than 'the maximum distance between adjacent marker sensors 2b through Kb simultaneously with end 11a of object 11 being opposite one of discrete marker sensors 3b through Kb.

When end 1 la of object ll blocks the light beam betweena light source and its corresponding discrete marker sensor simultaneously with the appearance of the end 11b of object 11 in the field of view of linear array 23, the total length of object ll is equal to the sum of the distances between the marker sensors activated by object 11 plus that portion of the length of object 11 measured by linear array 23. Finally when the right end 11b of object 11 passes marker sensor lb, light strikes this sensor, triggering the scanning ofv linear arrays 21 and 22 to measure two diameters (usually mutually perpendicular) near the right end 11b of object 1 l.

Each marker sensor contains two'photodevices. The appropriate linear array or arrays are activated by a signal from either photodevice. Each time a marker sensor kb is activated, where k is an integer with a v alue given by 1 k K at least one photodevice (shown in FIG. 2 as a phototransistor) contained in the activated marker sensor, such as phototransistor 49 (FIG. 2), in turn activates relay 48. Relay 48 is, in another embodiment, replaced by an electronic drive circuit. The output signal from relay 48 is synchronized in synchronizer 47 with the signal from clock 44. The output pulse from synchronizer 47 activates start pulse generator 46 which produces two signals which are transmitted through driver 45 to start the scanning of the linear array 31 (FIG. 2). The first signal causes the linear array to be scanned a first time. This first scan clears the array. The second signal then causes the array to be scanned before the photosensitive elements in the array saturate and provides signals representing the length of that portion of object 11 in the field of the array. It should be noted that the light-representing object 11 is focused on array 31 by lens 30. If array 31 corresponds, for example, to the array in the sensing unit 23 (FIGS. IA and 18), then light energy representing some portion of object 11 is focused by lens 30 onto the photosensitive elements in linear array 31. This light energy is read out in sequence by scanning circuitry typically (although not necessarily) contained on the semiconductor chip on which the linear array is formed. The pulses representing the incident energy detected by adjacent photosensitive elements on the linear array are passed through preamplifier 32, operational amplifier 33, and threshold detector 34 to line driver 35. Threshold detector 34 shapes all pulses above a minimum amplitude. The pulses from line driver 35, the last circuit contained in sensor array 23, are then transmitted over a cable, typically a twisted pair, to buffer 40, an impedance transformer. From buffer 40, these pulses are sent to an n-bit counter 41, which in one embodiment comprises a sequence of binary flip-flops connected in well-known fashion to provide in binary a number equivalent to the total number of pulses transmitted from linear array 31. Typically, counter 41 is a six-bit counter although other capacity counters can also be used. The output pulses from counter 41 are gated in parallel by gates 42 to processor 50. Processor 50, which in one embodiment is a digital computer, analyzes this binary code word to determine if the end 11b of object 11 has been found. If it has, it processes the code word together with a signal from synchronizer 47 which indicates which discrete marker sensor was just activated by the left end 11a of log 11. From this information, processor 50 calculates the total length of object 11 from the equation k g A'l' 1 In Equation 1, d, equals the distance between the i" and the (i"'1) discrete marker sensors, i is a summation index, k represents the marker sensor just passed by left end Ila of object 11 when right end 11b of object 11 is in the field of view of array 23, I is that portion of the length of object 1 l detected by linear array 23, and C 1 is a correction constant to compensate for a variety of factors including any overlap in the length I, measured by linear array 23 with a length already measured by the marker sensors. .C, can also include corrections in length I, for the effects of changes in the di- (FIG. 2), and the appearance of the face of end 11b in the view field of array 23 can also be included in C,. These effects are, however, mostly second order and have negligible effects on system accuracy.

FIG. 3A shows typical circuitry associated with each marker sensor. It should be noted that each marker sensor lb through Kb (FIGS. 1A, 18) comprises two photosensitive devices, preferably pho totransistors.

This safety feature ensures that even if thelight to onev photosensitive device in a marker sensor is not blocked by object 11, as might happen when object 11 is curved, the other photodevice in the marker sensor changes from a high current output state to a low current output state. Consequently, the voltages on the bases of the transistors Ql, Q2, (FIG. 3A) or both, rise to approximately the supply voltage +V, and either or both of these two transistors turn off. The drop in current drawn by these two transistors through resistor R6 raises the emitter voltage on transistor Q3 above its base voltage. Consequently, transistor Q3 turns on. The collector voltage of Q3 rises thereby turning on transistor Q4. Transistor Q4s collector current closes relay 61. Thus the output signal on lead 60 drops from high to low level. This low level signal is then transmitted to synchronizing, pulse generating, and computer interface logic.

It should be noted that if desired, relay 61 can be replaced by a line driver circuit similar to that shown in FIG. 3B. In the circuit of FIG. 3B, the breaking of light to a marker sensor of object 11 turns on transistor Q2A and turns off transistor Q2B. As a result the output signal on the collector of transistor Q2B drops from high level to low level. This output signal is used in the same manner as is the signal on lead 60 (FIG. 3A).

The low level signal on'lead 60 is sent to input lead 462a of exclusive OR gate 462 (FIG. 3C) which is part of synchronizer 47 (FIG. 2). Input lead 462a is tied to the positive voltage source 470 through resistor 461. The other input lead 462b to this exclusive OR gate can be tied to either positive voltage source 470 or ground. If this lead is attached to voltage source 470 by having switch 463 contact node 463a, then the inverted output signal from exclusive OR gate 462 is high level when the signal level on lead60 (FIGQ3A) is high level and is low level when the signallevel on lead 60 (FIG. 3A) is low level. On the other hand, if input lead 462b to gate 462 is connected to ground'by having switch 463 contact node 4630, then so long as the output signal on lead 60 from relay 61 is high level, exclusive OR gate 462 produces a low level output signal. When the output signal on lead 60 goes low level, the output signal from exclusive OR gate 462 goes high level. Switch 463 is connected to either node 463a or node 463a depending upon which discrete marker sensor 1b through Kb drives relay 61 (FIG. 3A). Marker sensor lb is designed to activate start pulse generator 46 when light from the light source l a impinges upon marker sensor lb. Thus the output signal from the exclusive OR gate 462 driven by marker sensor lb must go high level in response to light falling upon marker sensor lb. Accordingly, input lead 462b must be connected to node 463a by switch 463.

On the other hand, when start pulse generator46is driven by signals from marker sensors 2b through Kb,

a pulse must be generated in response to the blocking of the light from any one of light sources 2a through Ka to the corresponding marker sensor. Accordingly, the output signal from exclusive OR gate 462 must go high level in response to the output signal on lead 60 (FIG. 3A) going low level. Switch 463 thus must contact node 4630.

The high level output signal from gate 462 is sent three places. First, it is sent directly to .IK flip-flop 466. Second, it is sent through AND gate 465 connected as a buffer-inverter to another input lead to .II( flip-flop 466. Third, the high level output signal from exclusive OR gate 462 is sent to one input lead to AND gate 469. The other input lead to AND gate 469 is connected to the output lead of exclusive OR gate 468. Upon the changing of the signal level from exclusive OR gate 462 from low to high, JK flip-flop 466 is made ready to be toggled from one state to its other state. Pulses from clock 44 are transmitted to flip-flop 466 and also to J K flip-flop 467. The change in state of the output signal from exclusive OR gate 462 is not in general synchronized with the output pulses from clock 44. Flip-flop 466 thus is triggered by the next pulse from clock 44 following the change in the level of exclusive OR gate 462s output signal from low to high. Essentially, flipflop 466 synchronizes the change in output signal level from a marker sensor with the pulses from clock 44 (FIGS. 2 and 3C).

When flip-flop 466 toggles in response to the next clock pulse, the signal level on output lead 466c from flip-flop 466 goes high level. This high level signal is sent two places. First it is sent to processor 50 after a delay of about milliseconds to allow fresh data to enter counter 41 (FIG. 2). This signal interrupts and informs processor 50 that a marker pulse has been generated. Processor 50 then interrogates counter 41 by activating gates 42 (FIG. 2) and determines whether end l'Ib of object II is in the field of view of linear array 23 by comparing the number stored in counter 41 to the maximum number which can be stored in this counter. If the stored number is smaller than the maximum number, the end 11b of object 11 is in the field of view of array 23 and the length of object 11 can be calculated.

In addition, the output pulse from flip-flop 466 (FIG. 3C) is sent on input lead 468a to exclusive OR gate 468. The high levelinput signal on lead 468a is transmitted through exclusive OR gate 468 and becomes a high level output signal which is transmitted to the other input lead of NAND gate 469. Consequently, NAND gate 469 produces a low level output pulse.

This low'level output pulse is transmitted to a selected lead on NAND gate 471 (FIG. 3D) when the marker pulse is generated by either marker sensor lb or 2b or to one input lead of NAND gate 491 (FIG. 3E) when the marker pulse is generated by a marker sensor 3b through Kb. The low level output pulse from NAND gate 469 has a period equal to the period of the clock pulses from clock 44. This occurs because on the next clock pulse from clock 44, flip-flop 466 is not toggled but flip-flop 467 is toggled thereby changing the output signal on lead 468b from low to high level. The simultaneous high level signals on two input leads to exclusive OR gate 468 drop its output signal to a low level thereby disabling NAND gate 469. Consequently, the output signal on lead 469a from NAND gate'469 rises from a low to a high level. This occurs even though the output signal level from exclusive OR gate 462 remains high level.

It should be noted that the. Q output lead from flipflop 467 can be used as a test lead to'detect the status of the marker sensor which drives it. When the output signal level on this lead is high, the marker sensor has not been activated. When the output signal level on this lead is low, the marker sensor has been activated.

When the marker sensor supplying the pulse to the circuit shown in FIG. 3A is either marker lb or 2b, then the lead 469a is attached to one of the two input leads 471a and 47lb toNAND gate 471 (FIG. 3D). Input lead 471a is, for example, connected to the output lead from the synchronizing circuit47 (FIG. 2) which is driven by a signal from marker sensor 11) while input lead 47lb is connected to the output lead from the synchronizing circuit 47 connected to marker sensor 2b. Normally the signal levels on'these two input leads are high. The presence of a signal from either marker sensor lb or 2b results in the signal level on one of these two input leads to NAND gate 471 dropping to a low level for the duration of the pulse from NAND gate 469 (FIG. 3c The other input'leads to NAND gate 471 are connected to positive voltage source 470 and thus have high level signals on them. Theoutput 'signal from NAND gate 471 is normally low level. The presence of a low level pulse on one of the two input leads 471a or 4711; to NAND gate 471 results in this output signal level going high for the duration of the pulse. The output signal from NAND gate 47 I is applied to NAND gate 472 connected as an inverter and producing a low level pulse on its output lead. This low level pulse is sent to one input leadof NAND gate 484. This low level pulse is also sent to input lead 473a to NAND gate 473. NAND' gate 473 is connected with NAND gate 474 to form a bistable flip-flop. The lowlevel pulse on one input lead to NAND gate'473 produces a high level output signal from this NAND gate. This high level output signal is then transmitted to one input lead of NAND gate 474. Lead 474a'to NAND gate 474 has a normally high level signal on it. Therefore the output lead from NAND gate 474 drops to a low level and is fed back to the other input lead of NAND gate 47.3. The high level output signalfrom NAND gate 473 is transmitted toone shot 483. One shot 483, however, is activated by a negative going rather than a positivegoing pulse. Therefore the change in the signal level on the output lead from NAND gate 473 from low level to high level has no effect on one shot 483. I

The high level pulse on the output lead from NAND I gate 473 is transmitted oninput lead 475b to NAND gate 475. The other input lead to NAND gate 475 receives pulses from clock 44. Thus thehigh level output signal from NAND gate 473 enables NAND gate 475 allowing pulses from clock 44 to be transmitted to a counter comprising a plurality of flip-flops. Asshown in FIG.'3D, the counter comprises six flip-flops. Other numbers of flip-flops can be used in this counter dc? pending upon the maximum binary number to be stored in the counter. The binary counter shown in FIG. 3D comprises-flip-flops 476 through 481. These flip-flops are arranged in pairs A18, Al9 and A20. The leads from the flip-flops are denoted by numbers. Se lected output leads from each flip-flop are connected to NAND gates 482a and 482b as shown by the numbers on each of the input leads to these NAND gates. For example, NAND gate 482a has six input leads connected to output leads 2 and 5 from flip-flop A18 (denoted A18-2 and Al8-5), output leads number 2 and 6 from flip-flop A19, and output leads 3 and 5 from flip-flop A20. When the signal levels on these six output leads are all high level, the output signal from NAND gate 482a drops to a low level. This low level signal then drives the output signal from NAND gate 474 to a high level thereby driving the output signal from NAND gate 473 to a low level and disabling NAND gate 475. No further clock pulses are then transmitted through NAND gate 475.

The duration of the low level output pulse from buffer-inverter 472 is only one period of the pulses from clock 44. However, the output signal levelfrom NAND gate 473 remains high until the output signal from NAND gate 474 goes high. This occurs when the output signal from NANDgate 482a drops low in response to high level signals on all the input leads to NAND gate 482a.

The pulses from clock 44 change the state of the counter comprising the six flip-flops 476 through 481. Each clock pulse drives the counter to increase the count stored in the counter by one. When the count stored in the counter corresponds to a given number, then the output signal from NAND gate 482b drops from its normally high level to a low level.

Because NAND gates 482b and 472 produce normally high output signals, NAND gate 484 produces a normally low level output signal and NAND gate 485 produces a normally high-level output signal. Accordingly, the receipt of the low level pulse from NAND gate 472 produces a first low level output pulse from NAND gate 485. This first low level output pulse is transmitted to the appropriate linear array or arrays to be activated by the marker sensor from which the signal was originally derived. In the system shown in FIG. IB, both linear arrays 21 and22 are activated by a signal from either marker sensor lb or marker sensor 2b. Linear array 23 is activated by a pulse from any one of marker sensors 3b through Kb.

The first pulse from NAND'gate 48 first clears the appropriate linear array or arrays by scanning them. At the time of a pulse from a marker sensor, each linear array has been exposed for a long period of time to light and is saturated. The normal integration time to which each phototransistor or photodiode in the linear array should be exposed to light in order to obtain a linear signal proportional to the incident light is much shorter than the time between the activation of adjacent marker sensors. Thus all the light sensitive elements in the linear array or arrays to be scanned are usually saturated. The first pulse thus merely clears the saturated signals stored in these linear arrays.

A second scanning pulse is generated when all of the input signals on the input leads to NAND gate 482b go to a high level. At this point NAND gate 482b produces a low level output signal. This low level output signal is transmitted through NAND gate 484 and 485 and appears on the output lead from NAND gate 485 as a low level output pulse. This second output pulse, which occurs a given number of clock pulses after the low level output pulse first appears on the output lead from NAND gate 472, then initiates a scan of the appropri-- ate linear array or arrays. This scan reads out the signals stored by the photosensitive elements in these two linear arrays. These signals are the signals generated by these linear arrays in the period of time between the two scans. This period of time is selected so that the linear arrays do not saturate. A selected number of clock pulses after the second readout pulse appears on the output lead of NAND gate 485, NAND gate 482a produces a low level output pulse thereby disabling NAND gate 475. The change in signal level on the output lead from NAND gate 473 from high level to low level then triggers one shot 483 to clear the signals stored in flipflops 476 through 481 and resets these flip-flops to zero in preparation for the next signal.

FIG. 3B shows NAND gate 491 used to receive the signals from marker sensors 3b through Kb. These signals are used in the system shown in FIGS. 1A and IE, to activate linear array 23. There are as many input leads to NAND gate 491 as there are marker sensors 3b to Kb. Normally, the signal level on each input lead is high. When, however, a marker sensor is activated, the signal level on the corresponding input lead drops to a low level thereby creating a high level pulse on the output lead from NAND gate 491. This high level output pulse is then transmitted to the NAND gate corresponding to NAND gate 472 (FIG. 3D) and there activates a circuit identical to that shown in FIG. 3D. Two output pulses are likewise generated. The firt output pulse clears linear array 23 to remove the saturated sig nals stored there as a result of past integration of incident light flux. The second pulse then reads out the-linear signals newly stored subsequent to the first pulse.

The-linear array used with this invention can be identical or similar to the linear array described by G. P. Weckler and R. H. Dyck in a paper entitled, A Versatile Silicon Gate Shift Counter'for Scanning Arrays of Photo Diodes presented at the 1971 ISSCC in February. In addition, a linear. self-scanning silicon gate MOS photodiode array was described by G. P. Weckler at the June, 1970, Solid State Sensors Symposium in Minneapolis, Minn.

In this invention, the signals detected by linear array 31 (FIG. 2) are amplified and passed through a threshold detector 34 where they are reshaped intohigh level or low level pulses depending upon the amplitude of the output signal from the threshold detector. It should be noted that when the linear array is used to measure the dimensions of an object, light representing the object is carefully controlled to have'a substantially different amplitude than does the light from the background. Thus, the object is differentiated from the background by substantial differences in the 'levels of signals produced by the linear array. Accordingly, the object is represented by either high or low level pulses from linear array 31 while conversely the background is represented by either low or high level pulses.

The binary counter 41 shown in FIGS. 2' and 3F counts the number of pulses read out from linear array 31. The count representing these pulses is stored in counter 41 and upon a command is read out in parallel from counter 41 and sent to a processor 50 (FIG. 2). In this processor the'count is then used to calculate either the diameter of object 11, or, if these pulses are read out from linear array 23, the-length of object 11.

It should be noted that FIGS. 3A and 3C show the circuitry associated with only one of marker sensors lb through Kb. One such combination of circuitry exists for each marker sensor. The circuitry activated by marker sensors lb or 2b in turn activates simultaneously linear arrays 21 and 22 to measure two perpendicular diameters of object 11. The circuitry activated by any one of marker sensors 3b through Kb activates linear array 23 to measure the length of a portion of object 11. It should be noted that each time a pulse is generated from any one of marker sensors 3!) through Kb, an interrupt signal is sent to processor 50. Processor 50 then samples the output signal from each marker sensor to determine which marker sensor has changed state (see lead 466e, FIG. 3C). Upon the detection in processor 50 of a number stored in counter 41 (FIG. 2) less than the maximum number of pulses capable of being stored in linear array 23, processor 50 begins calculations to determine the length of object 1 1. The volume of object 1 1 can be determined only when end 1 lb of object 11 has passed marker sensor lb and had its diameter measured. Processor 50 calculates the length from the number of pulses produced by the linear array 23 together with the number of marker sensors 3b through Kb which have been activated by the object 1 l. The two diameters of the left end of object 1 l were previously measured when end 110 activated marker sensor 2!). These two diameter measurements have been stored in processor 50 by being transmitted from two counters identical to counter 41 (FIG. 2). When the right end 11b of object 11 passes marker sensor lb and allows light to strike this sensor, linear arrays 21 and 22 will again be activated to measure the diameter of the right end of this object. These diameter measurements will then be transferred to processor 50 and used in calculating the volume of object llQThe equations to calculate the volume of object 11 are well known and correspond to those required to calculate the volume of a frustum of a cone. The diameter of each end of the frustum is determined by averaging the two mutually perpendicular diameters measured by the linear arrays 21 and 22.

In the configuration under discussion, the log has been illuminated from the same side as the linear array. It has been determined that this approach can cause a small error due to large variations in log reflectivity. By placing directed light behind the log 180 from each linear array 21 and 22, the log can be made to appear as a dark object with the background lighted. This alternate configuration results in a constant amplitude of light energy impinging on the linear array which provides the highest possible accuracy in those situations where it is necessary.

When the above described system is used to measure the diameters, lengths and volumes of logs, several unexpected and'unobvious advantages accrue. First, the logs are often transferred in mills on conveyor belts or rollers. Often the log is not located in the center of the conveyor but rather to one or the other side of the conveyor. When that occurs, a system which uses only one linear array to measure the diameter of the log will measurea smaller than real diameter if the log is on the far side of the conveyor belt or a larger than real diameter if the log is on the near side of the conveyor belt. The system of this invention on the other hand overcomes this disadvantage. By properly locating diameter sensors 21 and 22, the true diameter of the log can be measured regardless of where the log is located on the conveyor belt. Thus the output volume calculated by the computer is independent of the location of the log on the conveyor belt. Another advantage accrues when logs are curved. The system of this invention can be used to measure the curvature of the logs. This is done by activating diameter sensors comprising linear arrays 21 and 22 each time a marker sensor 3b through Kb is activated by the log. The relative diameters measured by linear arrays 21 and 22 each time a marker sensor 3!) through Kb is activated are a measure of the curvamm of the log.

The ability of the described system to compensate for a shift in the position of object 11 across the conveyor belt from the nominal position of an object on the conveyor belt can be seenfrom the following considerations. The shift of the object from the center line of the conveyor can be calculated for a given sized object using only the image lengths measured by two linear arrays. The shifts of the locations-of the images of the object along the linear arrays do not have to be taken into consideration when two linear arrays are used and considerable simplicity in the calculations is made possible by the use of two such arrays. The relationship between an object size and an image size is given by the following equation:

Y=(f/l) d In Equation 2, y is the size of the image detected by the linear array, f is the distance fromthe principle plane of the lens 30 (FIG. 2) to the photosensitive elements comprising the linear array, l is the distance from a reference point on object 11 to the principle plane of the lens 30, and d is the dimension being measured on object 11. Referring now to FIGS. 18 and 1C, a shift of the center of object 11 to the left by the distance h results in the distance I, of the center of object 11 from the lens 30 of linear array 21 beinggiven' by the following equation: I Y

In Equation 30,7 is thenorninal distance of the center of object 11 from the principle plane of lens 30 when object 11 is in its nominal position as it passes the measuring system, and a is the angle between the centerline 21a of linear array 21 and the vertical. Simultaneously, the distance 1 between the center of object 11 and the principle plane of lens 30 in array 22 (FIG. 2) is given by:

l =l +hcosd In Equation 3b T, is the nominal distance from the center of object 11 to the principle plane of lens 30.

Substituting Equations 3a and 3b intoEquation' 2 and adding subscripts l and 2 to denote linear arrays 21 and 22 respectively, and then. subtracting the nominal image size y detected by each array from the imagesize y actually detected by each array gives for the incremental change Ay in image size-due to the shift in location of object 11 by the distance h in arrays 21 and 22 respectively, the following:

13 In equations id 56617171, and dTrefiesent the diameters of object 11 to be measured by arrays 21 and 22 respectively. The image sizes detected by arrays 21 and 22 are given as follows:

YFYI yl In Equations 5a and 5b, y, and y represent the normal image sizes detected by arrays 21 and 22 for an object 11 properly centered on the conveyor while Ay and Ay represent the shifts in these image sizes due to the shift in location of object 11. The difference Ay y y becomes, upon assuming that y, equals Y (which means that d equals d a reasonable assumption when object 11 is approximately round):

For simplicity, the nominal distances between the lens 30 in each array 21 and 22 and the center of object 11 in its normal location are now assumed equal. Substituting Equations 4a and 412 into Equation 6 and solving for h, the shift in location of object 11, gives the interesting result that the shift h is a function of the difference Ay in image sizes measured by arrays 21 and 22 as well as certain other system parameters.

h Ay/ifld m sin a-l-cos 07 In Equation 7, d is the average diameter of the object whose displacement is being measured, while the parameters f, l, and a are all dimensions of the system. Ay is calculated by subtracting the image length y measured by array 22 from the image length y measured by array 21.

The average diameter d of object 11 is given by the following equation:

' d [(y1+y2)/ /f I (8) Substituting from" Equations 5a aiia'saraf iaiidyz into Equation 8 and solving for d gives the following result:

Equation 9 shows that if sin a equals cos a, d is proportional to just the sum of the image size y detected by array 21 plus the image size y detected by array 22 divided by 2. If, on the other hand, the angle a between the vertical and the center line of array 21 is other than 45 (and assuming of course that arrays 21 and 22 are mutually perpendicular), then an a dditional correction must be made for this angle. This additional correction is proportional to the term (fit/l Equation 9 thus gives the important result that when cos a sin a, the average diameter d measured by the array is independent of small shifts h in location of object 11. By locating the arrays reasonably far from object 11, even good sized movements of object '11 can be shown to have little or no effect on the measured diameter d.

13y substituting for d from Equation 9 into Equation 7, a new equation giving theshift h as a function of the measured images y, and y together with the system pa rameters, I and a is obtained.

Equation 10 shows one relationship which can be used to calculate the shift in position h as afunction of the image sizes y and y The shift h in position of object 11 can then be used to correct the length measurement inade by linear array 23. This correction is given by the following equation where B is the angle between the center line of array 23 and the vertical line shown in FIG. 1B.

y Lf/(l h sin B)]x' lnEquation 11, y;, is the imagedistance measured by array 23, f is asdefined above, lis the distance from the lens 30 of array 23 to the nominal position of object 11, h is the horizontal shift of object 11 across the conveyor belt and x is the portion of length of object 11 measured by array 23. Equation 11 shows that if array 23 is directly vertically over object 11 (i.e., B 0), small shifts h in location of object 11 relative to array 23 have no effect on the length measured by array 23.

An additional correction is made to compensate for the effects of differentsize objects on the dimensions measured by arrays 21, 22 and 23. Referring to FIGS..

13 and 1C, it is seen that the distance 1; between the center of object 11 and the principle plane of lens 30 of linear array 21 is given by the following equation:

I =T Ar cos'a 1n Equation 12a, 7 is the nominal distance from the principle plane of lens 30 in linear array 21 to the center of the nominal-sized object whose dimensions are being measured, and Aris the shiftlin vertical location of the center of the actual object. 11 being measured from the center of the nominal object 11. The angle a is as defined above. Likewise, thedistance 1 between the center of object 11 and the principle plane of lens 30in linear array 22 is given by:

The terms in Equation 12b are defined above with respect to Equation 12a with respect to linear array 22. Substituting Equations 12a and 12b into Equation 2 and adding the subscripts l and 2- to denote linear ar rays 21 and 22, the following equations are obtained for the image sizes y and y as a function of change in radius Ar of object 11 from a nominal radius.

In Equations 13a and 13b the term fd/T with the appropriate subscript l or 2 represents the image size which would have been measured by the appropriate linear array if the center of object 11 were in the same location as the center of a nominal sized object 11. The image size is related to the image size y of the nominal sized object as follows:

y [Y (f/T )2Ar][l (Ar/T COS a] Y2 [Y2 2) ll (14b) I squares; 1165 171 13b can BE soIveYIFFUW tion of the measured image sizes y and y The solution is that of a quadratic equation. If the second order term Ar is dropped as small compared to the first order terms, Equations 14a and 14b can be simply solved for the diameter of object 11. When this is done, the two mutually perpendicular diameters d and d of object 1 1 are calculated from two equations of the form (lSb) The constants k k k;; and k can be readily calculated from equations 14a and T ll).Fquat ions 1571 1571 thus allow the calculation of the correct diameters from the image sizes detected by arrays 21 and 22.

What is claimed is:

1. Structure for measuring the length of an object moving by said structure and selected dimensions of said object perpendicular to said length, which comprises:

a plurality of marker sensor means consisting of a first group of marker sensor means and a second group of marker sensor means;

a plurality of light source means, each light source means providing light which is incident on a corresponding one of said marker sensor means;

a multiplicity of linear array means, each linear array means containing photosensitive elements ar ranged in a line, at least one linear array means being arranged to measure at least part of the length of said object and the remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means being arranged to measure at least part of said selected dimensions;

means for scanning said multiplicity of linear array means in response to signals from said marker sensor means to obtain from each linear array means a sequence of signals for use in calculating a dimension of said object, each signal in the sequence representing the light incident on one photosensitive element in the linear array means producing the sequence; and

means, responsive to the sequences of signals from said linear array means, and to the signals from selected ones of said marker sensor means, for calculating said length and saidselected dimensions of said object.

2. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said means for scanning said linear array means comprises:

means for scanning said at least onelinear array means in response to a signal from any one of said first group of marker sensor means and means for scanning said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means in response to a signal from any one of said second group of marker sensor means.

3. Structure as in claim 1 wherein each of said linear array means comprises:

a linear array of photosensitive elements;

means for focusing light representing at least a portion of said object on said photosensitive elements; and

means, responsive to a signal from any of selected ones of said marker sensor means, for obtaining a sequence of pulses from said photosensitive elements, the number of pulses in said sequence representing the length of said portion of said object.

4. Structure as in claim 3 wherein said selected linear array means comprises in addition:

means for counting the number of pulses in said sequence and for storing signals representing the total number of pulses in said sequence.

5. Structure as in claim 2 wherein said at least one linear array means is arranged to measure a portion of the lengthof said object.

6. Structure as in claim I wherein said first group of marker sensor means are arranged in a first line parallel to the direction of motion of said object, a corresponding selected number'of said light source means are arranged in a second line parallel to saidfirst line such that a light source means is opposite each marker sensor means, and such that said object passes between said marker sensor means and said light source means, and said at least one linear arraymeans are connected to said first group of marker sensor means so as to produce a sequence of output pulses representing the length of the portion of said object within the field of view of said at least one linear arraymeans in response to a signal from each of said first group of marker sensor means generated by thearrival of said object at each of said first group of marker sensor means in sequence. g q

7. Structure as in claim 1 whereinsaid remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means are arranged to measure said selected dimensions of said object per pendicular to the length of said object.

8. Structure as in claim 7 wherein said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means arearranged to measure two mutually perpendicular diameters of a substantially cylindrical object.

9. Structure as in claim lw'hereinsaid second group of marker sensor means are arranged along said first line such that an object first passes by said second group of marker sensor means before reaching said first group of marker sensor means, a corresponding number of said light source means arearranged along said second line such that alight source means is opposite each marker sensor means in said second group and said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means are connected to said marker sensor means in said second group so as to produce two sequences of 10. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said rnarker sensor means in said second group comprise two marker sensor means and the first of said marker sensor means in said second group reached by said object produces a first output signal in response to the back end of said object passing by said first marker sensor means in said second group, said first output signal activating said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means to measure two dimensions of said object perpendicular to the length of said object near the back end of said object, and the second of said marker sensor means in said second group reached by said object produces a second output signal in response to the front end of said object passing by said second marker sensor means in said second group, said second output signal activating said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means to measure two dimensions of said object perpendicular to the length of said object near the front end of said object.

ll. Structureas in claim wherein said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means comprise two linear arrays of light sensitive elements arranged to measure two substantially mutually perpendicular diameters of an object shaped like the frustum of a cone.

12. Structure as in claim 11 wherein said two linear arrays of light sensitive elements are arranged so that their center lines are mutually perpendicular and make 45 angles with the vertical. 13. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said structure comprises means for measuring the length and selected diameters of a log, each of said marker sensor means in said second group activates said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means to measure at least one diameter of said log passing by said marker sensor means and each of said marker sensor means in said first group activates said at least one linear array means to measure the length of said log passing by said marker sensor means.

14. Structure as in claim 13 wherein said at least one linear array means measures the length of a'portion of said log.

15. Structure which comprises:

a plurality of marker sensor means 1 through K, where K is an integer equal to the maximum number of marker sensor means;

a plurality of light source means 1 through K, each light source means providing light which is incident on a corresponding one of said marker sensor means;

three linear array means, the first and second of which are located to measure mutually perpendicular dimensions of an object passing by said marker sensor means'and said linear array means, and the -third of which is located to measure the length of a portion of said object, each linear array means 18 containing photosensitive elements arranged in a line; 7 means, responsive to signals from said marker sensor means, for scanning said linear array means to obtain from each linear array means a sequence of signals, each signal in the sequence representing the light incident on one photosensitive element in each of said linear arraymeans; and means, responsive to the sequences of signals from said linear array means, and to the signals from selected ones of said marker sensor means, for calculating selected dimensions of said object; 16. Structure as in claim 15 wherein the second marker sensor means produces a signal when the front end of said object passes the second marker sensor means which in turn activatessaid first and second linear array means to measure mutually perpendicular dimensions of the front end of said object, said first marker sensor means produces a signal when the back end of said object passes the first marker sensor means which in turn activates said first and second linear array means to measure mutually perpendicular dimensions of the back end of said object, and the remainder 3 through K of said marker sensor means are each activated in sequence by the front end of said object as it passes by each of said marker sensor means, each of said remainder of said marker sensor means then activating the third linear array means to measure the length of a portion of said object, said third linear array means measuring the length of the end portion of said object when the end portion of said object is in the field of view of said third linear array means.

17. Structure as in claim 16 including means for 'processing the signals produced by said, multiplicity of linear array means and said marker sensor means, to determine dimensions and volumes of said object passing said marker sensor means.

18. Structure as in claim 1 wherein a selected number of said multiplicity of said linear array means are arranged to compensate for errors in the measurements of said selected dimensions of said object introduced by variations in the location of said object from its expected location.

19. Structure as in claim 18 including means for processing the output, signals from a selected number of said multiplicity of linear array means to determine variationsin the shape of said object.

20. Structure as in claim 15 including means for illuminating said object thereby to enable each of said three linear array means to detect said object.

21. Structure as in claim 1' including means for illuminating said object thereby to enable each of said multiplicity of linear array means to detect said object.

:UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE I CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 5,787,700 Dated January 22, 197

Inventor(s) Leon Chasson It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Column 7, lines 1O, 15 and 1A; cancel "AND" and substitute NAND Column 8, line 3, cancel "Q" and substitute Column 9, line 41, cancel "48" and substitute -485--; Column 1 0, line 24', cancel "firt" and substitute first--;

Column 12, line I 33, cancel "9 and substitute "Il -F;

line 56, cancel "y" and substitute Column 13, line l2 cancel "y and substitute cancel. "y and substitute z Equation (7) should read:

hwy/W/W Q Equation (9) should read:

Signed and sealed this 26th daylof November 19-74.

(SEAL) Attest:

McCOY M. GIBSON JR. 0. MARSHALL DANN Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents :ORM po'wso $69) USCOMM-DC 60376-P69 U.5 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 9 93 o 

1. Structure for measuring the length of an object moving by said structure and selected dimensions of said object perpendicular to said length, which comprises: a plurality of marker sensor means consisting of a first group of marker sensor means and a second group of marker sensor means; a plurality of light source means, each light source means providing light which is incident on a corresponding one of said marker sensor means; a multiplicity of linear array means, each linear array means containing photosensitive elements arranged in a line, at least one linear array means being arranged to measure at least part of the length of said object and the remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means being arranged to measure at least part of said selected dimensions; means for scanning said multiplicity of linear array means in response to signals from said marker sensor means to obtain from each linear array means a sequence of signals for use in calculating a dimension of said object, each signal in the sequence representing the light incident on one photosensitive element in the linear array means producing the sequence; and means, responsive to the sequences of signals from said linear array means, and to the signals from selected ones of said marker sensor means, for calculating said length and said selected dimensions of said object.
 2. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said means for scanning said linear array means comprises: means for scanning said at least one linear array means in response to a signal from any one of said first group of marker sensor means; and means for scanning said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means in response to a signal from any one of said second group of marker sensor means.
 3. Structure as in claim 1 wherein each of said linear array means comprises: a linear array of photosensitive elements; means for focusing light representing at least a portion of said object on said photosensitive elements; and means, responsive to a signal from any of selected ones of said marker sensor means, for obtaining a sequence of pulses from said photosensitive elements, the number of pulses in said sequence representing the length of said portion of said object.
 4. Structure as in claim 3 wherein said selected linear array means comprises in addition: means for counting the number of pulses in said sequence and for storing signals representing the total number of pulses in said sequence.
 5. Structure as in claim 2 wherein said at least one linear array means is arranged to measure a portion of the length of said object.
 6. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said first group of marker sensor means are arranged in a first line parallel to the direction of motion of said object, a corresponding selected number of said light source means are arranged in a second line parallel to said first line such that a light source means is opposite each marker sensor means, and such that said object passes between said marker sensor means and said light source means, and said at least one linear array means are connected to said first group of marker sensor means so as to produce a sequence of output pulses representing the length of the portion of said object within the field of view of said at least one linear array means in response to a signal from each of said first group of marker sensor means generated by the arrival of said object at each of said first group of marker sensor means in sequence.
 7. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means are arranged to measure said selected dimensions of said object perpendicular to the length of said object.
 8. Structure as in claim 7 wherein said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means are arranged to measure two mutually perpendicular diameters of a substantially cylindrical object.
 9. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said second group of marker sensor means are arranged along said first line such that an object first passes by said second group of marker sensor means before reaching said first group of marker sensor means, a corresponding number of said light source means are arranged along said second line such that a light source means is opposite each marker sensor means in said second group and said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means are connected to said marker sensoR means in said second group so as to produce two sequences of output pulses representing two dimensions of said object perpendicular to the length of said object in response to a signal from any one of said marker sensor means in said second group.
 10. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said marker sensor means in said second group comprise two marker sensor means and the first of said marker sensor means in said second group reached by said object produces a first output signal in response to the back end of said object passing by said first marker sensor means in said second group, said first output signal activating said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means to measure two dimensions of said object perpendicular to the length of said object near the back end of said object, and the second of said marker sensor means in said second group reached by said object produces a second output signal in response to the front end of said object passing by said second marker sensor means in said second group, said second output signal activating said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means to measure two dimensions of said object perpendicular to the length of said object near the front end of said object.
 11. Structure as in claim 10 wherein said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means comprise two linear arrays of light sensitive elements arranged to measure two substantially mutually perpendicular diameters of an object shaped like the frustum of a cone.
 12. Structure as in claim 11 wherein said two linear arrays of light sensitive elements are arranged so that their center lines are mutually perpendicular and make 45* angles with the vertical.
 13. Structure as in claim 1 wherein said structure comprises means for measuring the length and selected diameters of a log, each of said marker sensor means in said second group activates said remainder of said multiplicity of linear array means to measure at least one diameter of said log passing by said marker sensor means and each of said marker sensor means in said first group activates said at least one linear array means to measure the length of said log passing by said marker sensor means.
 14. Structure as in claim 13 wherein said at least one linear array means measures the length of a portion of said log.
 15. Structure which comprises: a plurality of marker sensor means 1 through K, where K is an integer equal to the maximum number of marker sensor means; a plurality of light source means 1 through K, each light source means providing light which is incident on a corresponding one of said marker sensor means; three linear array means, the first and second of which are located to measure mutually perpendicular dimensions of an object passing by said marker sensor means and said linear array means, and the third of which is located to measure the length of a portion of said object, each linear array means containing photosensitive elements arranged in a line; means, responsive to signals from said marker sensor means, for scanning said linear array means to obtain from each linear array means a sequence of signals, each signal in the sequence representing the light incident on one photosensitive element in each of said linear array means; and means, responsive to the sequences of signals from said linear array means, and to the signals from selected ones of said marker sensor means, for calculating selected dimensions of said object.
 16. Structure as in claim 15 wherein the second marker sensor means produces a signal when the front end of said object passes the second marker sensor means which in turn activates said first and second linear array means to measure mutually perpendicular dimensions of the front end of said object, said first marker sensor means produces a signal when the back end of said object passes the first marker sensor means which in turn activates said first and second linear array means to measure mutuaLly perpendicular dimensions of the back end of said object, and the remainder 3 through K of said marker sensor means are each activated in sequence by the front end of said object as it passes by each of said marker sensor means, each of said remainder of said marker sensor means then activating the third linear array means to measure the length of a portion of said object, said third linear array means measuring the length of the end portion of said object when the end portion of said object is in the field of view of said third linear array means.
 17. Structure as in claim 16 including means for processing the signals produced by said multiplicity of linear array means and said marker sensor means, to determine dimensions and volumes of said object passing said marker sensor means.
 18. Structure as in claim 1 wherein a selected number of said multiplicity of said linear array means are arranged to compensate for errors in the measurements of said selected dimensions of said object introduced by variations in the location of said object from its expected location.
 19. Structure as in claim 18 including means for processing the output signals from a selected number of said multiplicity of linear array means to determine variations in the shape of said object.
 20. Structure as in claim 15 including means for illuminating said object thereby to enable each of said three linear array means to detect said object.
 21. Structure as in claim 1 including means for illuminating said object thereby to enable each of said multiplicity of linear array means to detect said object. 